Marianas Web, The Scariest Part of the Internet?

Marianas Web, The unsolved mystery?

With a depth of approximately 7 miles (11.3km), the Marianas Trench is the deepest oceanic trench in the world. So much remains unknown about it, and scientists are still studying what dwells in its dark depths. How is this trench related to the High-Tec world of the Internet? Well, the deepest part of the Internet is named after it. In the past few years, Marianas Web has captured the interest of everyday computer users and computer experts alike.

  We will explore the facts and rumours surrounding this mysterious part of the Internet, in this article.

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Marianas Web

Marianas Web| became widely known because of an iceberg infographic that spread across the Internet. This infographic divides the Internet into different levels ranging from Level 0 or the Common Web that most of us are familiar with, to several other hidden levels. Mariana Web is identified as Level 5, the most hidden level of the Internet, but the infographic does not list examples of what is in Marianas Web as it does for the other levels. Instead,there is a cryptic one-line message with offensive language that is not worth repeating. The presence of Marianas Web on this iceberg infographic seems to be the only fact about it that can be verified. The dubious infographic further hints at a major problem that you face when you try to learn more about Marianas Web.

 Most of what is known about it is based on rumours. Some of the rumours are scary, and some of them are not. 

Here are some of the prevailing ones: 

Rumour1:

  Marianas Web is deeper and darker than the Dark Web. To understand this rumour, you have to understand what the Dark Web is. The Dark Web is a small subsection of the Deep Web, which is a part of the Internet that is hidden from public view. Websites on the Deep Web and the Dark Web are part of an encrypted network, so they cannot be found with commercial search engines such as Google or Bing. They also cannot be viewed with common browsers like Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. You need a special browser such as Tor to access websites on the Deep Web and the Dark Web, and Tor allows you to view them anonymously. Recently, the Dark Web has gained media attention as the home of shady, nefarious websites such as the notorious Silk Road black market site that was shut down by the FBI in 2013.The Dark Web bad reputation has led people to jump to conclusions about Marianas Web. If the Dark Web attracts contract killers, drug dealers, and worse, what horrors does Marianas Web contain if it is even deeper than the Dark Web? Several possibilities appear in other rumours. 

Rumour 2: 

An artificial intelligence (AI) system exists in Marianas Web. Move over Hal in 2001: A Space Odyssey. There is a new AI system in town, and she lives in Marianas Web. There is even a possibility that Marianas Web is the AI. She is bigger and more powerful than Hal and supposedly monitors and controls information on the entire Internet. Just wait until she becomes sentient.

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Rumour 3: 

It contains some of human kind darkest secrets. This rumour presents the possibility that Marianas Web is a digital library of X-files. Are you a historian looking for some obscure facts about the first Pope of Rome? The Vatican Secret Archives are supposedly in there. Do you want to find out where Atlantis is? Its location is supposedly in there. Do you want to read up on that Russian spy that lived next door to you ten years ago? An intelligence agency archive database is supposedly in there. Getting in Marianas Web is not easy, however, which we will discuss in the next rumour.

Rumour 4: 

It is the most inaccessible part of the Internet. You can use Tor to visit Marianas Web. Accessing Marianas Web is more complicated than that. According to this rumour, you must calculate a complex algorithm called the Polymeric Falcighol Derivation. There is some doubt that this algorithm is actually real, and you may be stuck with the impossible task of computing something that does not exist. In addition, you can make this calculation on just any computer. You need a quantum computer, which is new technology that is not widely available to the public. There is a good reason for this lack of public availability. Currently, quantum computers need some extreme conditions to function properly. For instance, the processor of a D-Wave 2000Q  can run only in a high vacuum environment. The pressure of this vacuum must be 10billion times lower than the Earth atmosphere according to one source. Unless your home includes a climate-controlled room that can maintain environmental conditions reminiscent of outer space, you are out of luck. Because of their special requirements, quantum computers are owned mainly by government entities. This means that a few select people working for these government entities are probably the only ones who have access to Marianas Web. They can access it, that is, if it actually exists, which leads us to our next rumour. 

Rumour 5: 

Marianas Web is a purposely fabricated invention. This rumour sounds like something from a techno-thriller movie. Under the cover of anonymity, some hackers claim that they invented Marianas Web because they were being blackmailed by the FBI. The FBI needed them to create a distraction that would take attention away from its shutdowns of various black markets on the Dark Web. Since these claims are anecdotal information from anonymous sources, we cannot say with certainty that they are true. What we can say with certainty is that Marianas Web remains a strange unsolved Internet mystery. 


Much has been written about it, but few people(or perhaps none) have actually seen it. There is no concrete evidence that clearly proves or disproves its existence. And, depending on which rumours you believe, it may be the most or least scary part of the Internet. 

Do you think Marianas Web is real?

 

The Dark Web: The unseen side of internet: Onion routing ???


Explaining The Surface Web, Deep Web and Dark Web.

 

The Internet has changed everything from the way we work, to the way we play, to the way, we live. It seems that there is a corner of the web for everyone despite what interests you've got despite what your beliefs are there's someone or something out there that thinks an equivalent way that you simply do.

The web has connected us in ways that were never before imagined. It's a place where everyone from connection from anywhere on earth can come together. There's so much stuff on the Internet most of which you don’t even know exists. If you want something, anything whether it be a service or product legal or illegal immoral or unethical the Internet has it you can choose to use this for good or bad much like the surface web that we all use every single day.


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The dark web is full of websites and forums and services that we can use but it's hidden under a layer of protection under the surface lies the nest of dark and hidden activities that are blocked off from the rest of the world. The dark web is the haven for illegal online activity and it goes deep much deeper than you might imagine. It’s a place where criminals predators spies, drug and even human traffickers lie and it's all hidden in plain sight. You could access it in minutes, if you wanted but should you?

There are three categories of internet or web:

1. Surface web

2. Deep web

3. Dark web or Dark net






Surface Web




First off we have the surface web this is everything that you use on a daily basis YouTube, Twitter and any social media at all. It's all a part of, what we call! the World Wide Web. It's relatively easy to find anything on the surface web as almost everything is indexed by search engines like Google. Every second over 1,000 photos are posted on Instagram, 8,000, tweets are posted on Twitter, 70,000 Google searches take place and nearly 100,000 YouTube videos are watched.

From this, the surface web seems massive and in a way it is in terms of pure traffic, almost everything you do and can be found here. You could look up anyone and find some kind of information about them and their life.

But what you can't find these are the things like their bank account or medical records. These things are hidden under password-protected websites, where only they can access them. This is where we venture into the Deep Web.



Deep Web


The Deep Web refers to the content on the internet that is not indexed by search engines. Basically, if you can't find it on Google, it's technically on the Deep Web. If you've ever logged into your email, you've browsed the Deep Web technically and I know it might be a little disappointing that the Deep Web is not as cool as it sounds. It's pretty much just as mundane as the surface web but with just a little more privacy. It realize that the Deep Web is that the most massive a part of the web.


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The Deep Web contains 96% of everything on the web. So, although you're online every single day and searched through new websites for the next 50 years, you will not be able to break into the net amount of information.

There's too much on the Internet, most of which you can't even reach to go through, but even further, the slowest sliders on the Internet contain a portion of the web compared to the deep web where things don't leave the website. It is encrypted. The existence of sliced he idler without IP addresses, making them virtually unrecognizable by users with encrypted software without an identity, to fully extend their identity to what we access the dark web But how it works, how can you hide it from the rest of the world. But there is something that pretty much everyone has.

If you are browsing Surface Web Choice, then the FBI man is not seeing you all right, but for the average person all you can do online and in many ways many Websites will be tracked. You are searching and looking and in return you advertise products or services that fit that description.

See a problem within everyone, but how far we can spoil it before it goes away is that the United States government thought 20 years ago that they are one of the system that could protect their communications.

While online, the internet wasn't designed for everyone and everything to remain anonymous in away anyone could intercept government transmissions. While they were being relayed and this was unacceptable.


Onion Routing

In the mid 1990s researchers at the US Naval Research Laboratory began working on something called Onion Routing.
Onion Routing protects any data sent by essentially, wrapping it with multiple layers of encryption, where the innermost layer contains the original message.
Let's say you need to get a message from one place to another but in order to get that message to the end. Your massage have to go through three midpoints we’ll call them A, B and C. The message is then wrapped in three layers of encryption each layer only knows where the message previously came from and where to send it, next nothing else.
So the message or whatever data that was originally sent remains hidden. At each midpoint a layer of encryption is stripped and the new layers information tells it, where to send the message to next eventually. After traveling through all the points, the final layer is stripped and the message is visible.
The Soviet encryption allows our data to be sent to and from multiple locations, without it being interceptable in between no one else can see. Only those who are supposed can see the massage because of Onion Routing.


Dark Web

Dark Web is also called Dark net. It is a part of internet below private Deep Web that uses custom software and hidden networks. It’s also a encrypted network and can only be assessed with special browser or network like Tor.
Tor (Tor browser) can exist dark nets operated alongside networks like the internet or requires certain software to access to stands through the Onion Router. It's a software named after the technology that made it possible.
It seems just like another normal web browser but through Tor and other similar dark nets you can access web pages that are not available to the general public. The tools and requirements needed to access the dark web.
The dark web is enough to attract different types of users from all around the world, who links to pages don't look like youtube.com. They don't look familiar.
Whatever instead, they tend to look like random strings of characters and Nick Nam Kham not .org but .Onion. If you attempt to access these websites through any traditional web browser. It’s not goanna work but when using Tor it will work. This is your first step into the dark web. At least this is the hidden.
Wiki it contains a list of hundreds of different hidden services you can find on the dark web.
You can find fake US driver’s licenses and passports! You can find illegal weapons! You can find drugs!, it’s all here and we're barely scratching the surface just like on the surface web.

Marketplaces are extremely popular on the dark web. Here you can buy things that you may struggle to get elsewhere like rocket launchers now I don’t suggest you to doing any of this.
But if you want to buy things from sites on the dark web, how would you do it?
Using traditional forms of payment on the dark web does not make much sense such as credit cards can be easily tracked taking things anonymously and now look you're in jail. For these reasons virtual currency is king. This is why Bitcoin comes in.


Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a virtual currency which is almost anonymous in nature. It is useful compared to other cryptocurrencies on the site. It is important to run any anonymous market. Create a bitcoin wallet and exchange some of your cash for Bitcoin. You know? How your anonymous currency to do almost whatever you want with it.
One of the first things that pops into people's minds from the Dark Web is, the rapid volume of sites selling illegal drugs and similar items. Yes, they are real.



Silk RoadIn 2011, a dark net market known as Silk Road opened for business. It has since become almost synonymous with the dark web. Where you could buy any illegal drug. You have ever dreamed of sellers from all over the world sold things from weed to cocaine from DMT to LSD. If drugs aren't your thing, they also sold things like guns, Fake or cash and some books and clothes as well.
But after only 2 years in action, the site was seized by the FBI and take down in October 2013. Over the course of only 2 years 2011 to 2013, Silk Road generated over 9.5 million Bitcoin means (1,07,37,75,50,000.00 USD) or (7,88,23,59,45,12,50,000.00 Indian Rupee) in revenue. Now stretching this, a bit if you sold these Bitcoin at the peak of its price in 2017 which is roughly 20,000 dollars.
Silk Roads total revenue would amount to over 187 billion dollars in just 2 years. Silk Road’s another dark web Margaret’s actually played a pretty big hand in the rise of Bitcoin.


In 2011, Bitcoin was created with the Silk Road. Bitcoin was valued at less than a dollar. But, because the dark web pretty much required the decentralized cryptocurrency it was a perfect choice to be honest. Bitcoin wouldn't be where it is today without a bit of illegal activity. The creator of Silk Road Ross Ulbricht was found and arrested in 2013, which was ultimately the reason. The site was taken down. He was given two life sentences plus 40years in prison without a chance for parole.
All the illegal activities going on in the dark web, it's not as massive as many make it out to be many of larger services end up getting taken down whether it be by a local government or even the FBI. But where there's demand supply will inevitably shown, when one side is taken down, five new ones opened up to fill the void.



After Silk Road was taken down, Silk Road 2.0 opened up. It was taken down less than a year later but after that so crude Silk Road 3.0 opened up and this has continued going on for years.
Many of the creators and administrators of these sites were also found and convicted of similar crimes that Ross Ulbricht was guilty of. But instead of all of these people getting life in prison, their sentences were much shorter.
Their largest seller on Silk Road was only given 10 years in prison. The creator of Silk Road 2.0 was only given a little more than 5 years in prison for creating the same exact thing that got Ross Ulbricht two life sentences in jail.
Nearly everyone else who had any connection to any of these sites were given a max of a 10 year sentence. Even if you never visit the dark web.
If you didn't even know Dark Web exists it still affects you. It's not uncommon to see data leaks and breaches pretty often nowadays.
If your data was stored in a company's database. That was compromised there's a chance for sales, somewhere on the dark web where it could be purchased by anyone with access to it. If you don't know what to spend your money on yet.
Let me help! You out Social Security numbers can go for as little as a dollar. This is something given to every single US citizen in USA and can be used to steal someone else's identity. Botnets are also pretty cheap for as little as a few dollars an hour.

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You can perform a distributed denial of service or DDoSattack to essentially take almost any website or service temporarily offline. These botnets can severely affect anyone or any business that is targeted.
If you have ever played video games online before someone's probably done this to you. You can also buy someone's medical records for as low as $50. There's also stolen credit cards for sale as well just buy one rack up the bill and then never pay it. A lot of this data isn’t even for sale, it's just out there. There are websites leaking the information of politicians celebrities and even normal people like you and I and there's not much you can really do about it.
But even worse than this, there are some even darker things that can be carried out on the dark web.
There are multiple hitmen services on Dark web claiming to be able to kill almost anyone in the world you want for as little as $5,000. Many of these have been revealed to be scams but not all of them. But even though, these may be scams. The fact that there are people out there who trust random people on the Internet to carry out real murders is concerning to say the least.
There’s also services selling real human organs. How they acquire these? We’ll never know.
Child pornography is unfortunately a larger part of Dark Web, such as Lolita city and playpen have been taken down with the help of FBI. But due to dark web peaks sites like these had over 200,000users.
Similar forms exist that discussed ways of kidnapping children from different parts of the world. Where people would have discussions about how to hide them, what kind of kids they owned and even darker things that they would do to them, when no one else is around.
This is only a small look into this deep and dark corner of the internet. The lack of rules, allows anything to exist here.
The deeper you go, the scarier things you will find.
But despite all these things, about half of all funding for Tor on the Dark Web still comes from the United States Government which is really surprising.
When you consider the reputation that the dark web has a lot of people that have been arrested and thrown in prison for illegal activities on the dark web, nobody even seem physically threatening whatsoever.
But if you can run a drug empire online or hire hit men for a couple Bitcoin without ever having to put yourself in danger. You might not have to be these are people you could see walking down the street. These are people that are inline behind you at the grocery store. They seem just like normal people and you might not even know what they are seeing.



The Dark Web is depicted as a vast criminal underground where millions of the worst people in society live and while it is partially true that it is not entirely claimed that the Dark Web contains almost all of these hidden services are only two to ten thousand.
Only over half of them are considered illegal content. But then again these numbers cannot be taken as fact because well hidden services are by design meant to be hidden.
Out of these few thousand websites only less than six percent of people who use Tor actually use these hidden services. That is less than 120,000 thousand people out of the billions of people who use the Internet. Out of them, a hundred thousand people used the dark web. This is just a drop of water in the ocean.
Internet content that has deemed to be obscene by a higher power typically governments. There's no surprise that not everyone in the world is as genuine as they may see. But that is the gamble you take that is, the price you pay for this.

Other parts exist in the rest of the world to help many countries around the world. The Dark Web provides a place where no censorship exists, providing truth to many people who would have never seen otherwise. It gives people a place to speak truly about and report on things that are important, without fear of censorship or even physical threats.
Many of the largest news networks operate dark web services to allow people to come forward with information without the fear of being caught or publicly ridiculed.
But to be honest everyone puts their entire lives on the internet at this point 10 or 15 years ago this would have been absurd and quite frankly stupid. But now it seems pretty normal in a way we are slowly giving up Internet privacy.
The Dark Web protects the way that it gives people a way to withdraw their privacy and anonymity whether they use it in a positive or negative way.
Drugs sold on the dark web, while mostly illegal, may have some positive use. If you are in a place where they are not sold, you can buy them from the dark web. While the FBI governments and much of the public beliefs, Silk Road had vastly negative effects on the world. Ross Ulbricht thought otherwise he believed he was doing the world, a service rather than the violence that can result from the trading and dealing of illegal drugs.
The Silk Road provided a more secure experience, which provided opportunity to the people and protected people as opposed to putting them at risk. But despite this, despite his apparently peaceful and non-harming nature, he was the one who actually used these Hitman services in attempts to kill six different people on the dark web, all depending on whether how do you see it and how open you are to interpretations.
The dark web doesn't have to be a terrible place. It is only scary. If you go looking for things that you don't want to see. You can’t necessarily get rid of them, but you can't avoid them.
There are somethings that the average person just shouldn’t see. If you don't want to fall victim to this. I say, stay away from the dark web, even if you believe it is as bad as it was made. If this is the first time you are hearing about it. You probably don't know what you're doing and once you're in you, you're not giving up.



A hidden Web exist below Dark Web is "Marianas Web".

A article already published on Topic "Marianas Web".

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How to Enable or Disable Pop-Up Blocker

What Is A Pop-up Blocker? How To Enable Your Web Browser's Pop-up Blocker Or Disable It To Access Necessary Pop-ups

  • Pop-up blockers are built into common web browsers to prevent unwanted pop-up windows from interfering with and cluttering your browsing experience. 
  • Most pop-ups are ads, malware, and other unwanted windows. But sometimes you'll encounter web pages that require pop-ups, so you might need to disable your pop-up blocker occasionally. 
  • You can find the pop-up blocker in your browser's settings or options, in the privacy or site permissions section. 
  • Visit Business Insider's Tech Reference library for more stories.
  • Unwanted pop-ups were once one of the most annoying aspects of browsing the web, with ads and other pop-ups frequently littering the screen. 

    These days, most browsers have built-in pop-up blocking features that have made this a problem of the past. In fact, now it's more likely you'll need to disable your pop-up blocker for various reasons.

    Advantages of pop-ups blockers

    Pop-up blockers automatically prevent small pop-up windows from interfering with your web browsing. 

    In general, most pop-ups are a nuisance – they are usually advertisements and can even be malware, and most people would prefer not to see them.

    As a general rule, you should leave your browser's pop-up blocker turned on to avoid getting these pop-ups. 

    Disadvantages of pop-ups blockers

    Some websites use pop-ups as an essential part of site navigation. A pop-up might be part of the login process, help you sign up for a newsletter, or enable a custom feature on the site. 

    Some sites simply might not work properly without being able to open a pop-up. In this situation, you need to allow pop-ups for that site or disable pop-ups for it to work. 

    How to turn pop-ups on or off in Google Chrome 

    1. In Chrome, click the three-dot menu at the top right of the screen and click "Settings."

    2. On the left side of the page, click "Privacy and security."

    3. In the "Privacy and Security" section of the page, click "Site settings."

    4. Scroll down to the "Content" section and click "Pop-ups and redirects." Here you can turn pop-ups on and off and add exceptions to the list of sites that are allowed or not allowed to use pop-ups. 

    You can find the pop-up blocker controls in Chrome's "Privacy and security" page. 

    How to turn pop-ups on or off in Firefox

    1. In Firefox, click the three lines at the top right of the screen and then click "Options."

    2. On the left side of the page, click "Privacy and Security."

    3. Scroll down to the "Permissions" section. You should see the option to "Block pop-up windows." You can enable or disable it with a checkmark, and use the "Exceptions" button to control which sites are allowed to show pop-ups. 

    Firefox lets you turn the pop-up blocker on or off in its "Privacy & Security" options.

    How to turn pop-ups on or off in Microsoft Edge


    1. In Edge, click the three-dot menu and then click "Settings."

    2. On the left side of the page, click "Site permissions."

    3. In the main part of the page, click "Pop-ups and redirects." Here you can enable or disable pop-ups and specify exceptions to allow pop-ups on certain pages

    Trends That Will Continue To Stay In Digital Marketing

    Trends That Will Continue To Stay Relevant In Digital Marketing


    Digital marketing has changed immensely in the last decade. There have been a multitude of changes in tactics along with Google’s search engine algorithms. Low-quality content that has been referred to as “clickbait” has stopped generating the results it once had. Consumers are becoming pickier in terms of what they spend their time reading or viewing. Certain trends like that focus on in-depth content in a variety of forms will continue to flourish. Podcasting is a great example of a form of content that can be easy to make and can help showcase the knowledge or an individual or company. The following are trends that will continue to stay relevant when it comes to digital marketing.


    Micro-Influencers

    Investing money in a huge celebrity to become an influencer for a brand is rarely the best use of marketing budget. This does not mean that influencer marketing as a whole is not efficient. Smaller influencers that have built up a sense of community among followers will generate the best ROI for a sponsored post. Taking a look at influencers to see what other brands they partner with will be very important. The last thing a company wants is to partner with an influencer that promotes products that directly compete or do not align with the values of the company.

    Podcasting Continues Growing

    Podcasting is mentioned above and has become a huge part of digital marketing. There are a number of different types of podcasts listed below:

  • Individuals or groups of people trying to build their personal brand. This could be a humorous podcast or professional one that helps a person establish themselves as an authority on a topic.
  • Companies that are looking to reach and educate current customers. Attracting customers in the industry in B2B situations will work far better if looking to have work contracted out to your business.

  • The sporadic podcast is of a company that sees the value in podcasting yet hasn’t dedicated time or money to the process. This could happen once a month or a few times a year. Generating listeners is about putting out content that is informative/entertaining consistently. Being able to rely on a certain podcast on a specific day provides comfort to loyal listeners.
  • Question and answer podcasts could be a favorite regardless of the ultimate goal of the podcast. Being able to answer specific questions from listeners is important. This can earn new customers and provide a sense of comfort to current customers that know they are in good hands.
  • Keep in mind that your podcast should have at least an outline to provide some kind of structure. Transcribing these podcasts can be a great way to turn these in-depth conversations into a searchable document.

    Web Design Needs to be Intuitive

    Web design has changed immensely over the years with a majority of companies wanting a website designed with SEO in mind. Designers that are current with web design trends along with experts in user experience of a website are essential. Lacking either of these things can limit a business and can cripple revenue for online sales or lead generation. Easy to navigate websites will also continue to be important as Google incorporates user experience when ranking sites which also includes page loading time.


    Data Will Drive Nearly All Major Decisions

    The days of creating a strategy then seeing what sticks in marketing are all but over. Data drives marketing in today’s digital age with a number of tools that can help. Buzzsumo allows for marketers to see what type of content relevant to their company trends on social media. Companies are looking for engagement with their content so creation of content that is sure to intrigue or spark conversation needs to be a focus. BuzzStream allows for the link building outreach process to go smoothly and efficiently. Being able to track subject lines and clicks in an email can allow for the ultimate email marketing campaign to be launched. Look for data to become even more present in decision making for years to come as the numbers don’t lie.

    Voice Search Gaining Steam

    Voice search is commonly used by people when they are in the car or want to look something up quickly. Search engines are starting to account for voice search results with marketers following suit. The keywords that are targeted are going to be more natural and conversational than in the past. People search very differently when typing compared to speaking.

    The content that has to be created for voice search will be actionable and answer common questions customers might have. Writing in a natural way is more important than ever which some digital marketing professionals will lag behind in. Far too many SEO copywriters miss the point of writing for the reader while doing it in a search engine friendly way. This does not mean that your current content is worthless but to get the true value out of it, you might need to do some editing of pieces.

    Voice search needs to be optimized for local search listings as well. The last thing that a company wants is to lose traffic to their website due to not tagging the location of their business on the website appropriately. Voice search will continue to grow as a trend well into the future with many digital marketing professionals having quite a bit to learn!


    Digital marketing is constantly changing but the trends above will be prevalent for years to come. If you run a company, looking into tactics that will stand the test of time can help maximize ROI on marketing spend.

    Input Devices

    Input devices


    Input devices are used to enter data  instructions into the computer. These devices forward data to the processing unit in the machine readable form. Data and instructions entered into a computer through input device are converted into electrical signals by the input devices. Some input devices are discuss below:

    Keyboard


    Today almost every people  about keyboard. It is a input device which is used to type text on the screen. Many times keyboard can do the work of mouse. It is very like a standard type writer keyboard with a few additional keys. Its presence is noticed by the little cursor blinking on the screen. When a character key is pressed, the point where the cursor is there. In CLI (Command User Interface) programs keyboard play a important role because every command is typed by keyboard. 

    Mouse


    Basically, Mouse is an input device which is used to moved the cursor or pointer directly on the screen. It is a basic part of computer system. It is a small palm size box having two or more button on the top and a ball at the bottom. This ball secures the movement and transforms it into electrical text, selecting item etc. Today, Mouses are coming in various type i.e., Wireless mouse, wired or simple mouse, laser light mouse. 

    Scanner


    It is an input device that optically scan images, printed text, hand written text or an object, and converts it to a digital image. It can input data printed on papers directly on the computer. For e.g., if you have photograph and went it to be saved it in the computer disk you can use the scanner which scans the image and transforms the image to the code used by the computer. A scanner creates an electronic form of the printed image or text which can be manipulated, changed and modified according to the requirements. There is a glass window on which paper is scanned. 
    Mainly there are three types of scanner are popular today :

    Flat bed scanners

    Flat bed scanners look like a photocopy machine, which has glass window. On glass window you could place the pictures, documents etc., which is to be scanned. 

    Roller type scanners

    These scanners uses roller to print a document. It is like a fax machine where the image is passed over a roller and it is captured. 

    Hand held scanners

    These scanners are generally small in size and portable for small office or other work. To scan the image, you have to hold the scanner in hand and move it over the document and printer to fixed the margin, which is to be inputted into the computer.

    Bar Code Reader (BCR)


    A Bar Code Reader is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes
    i.e., Data are represented in bar code form by the width of the bar and the distance between the lines. The BCR (Bar Code Reader) reads these lines or codes. After scanning it shows the information on the screen. In many product you can see bar codes. These codes are UPC. The UPC, Universal Products Code, is found mostly on grocery items. The vertical bar on the product contain various information such as its brand name, quality, features and other information. The BCR identifies the products and it's information. As the technology increases many things are changed and became new. Bar Code Pro is the latest software available for bar code reading. This software requires 11 digits and checks digits automatically. You can change the height, width of the bars, text, font style and size.(For all the enhanced features in this software it was given the Bar Code Pro).

    Optical Character Reader (OCR)

    Optical Character Reader is an input device used to read character of special type of font printed on any printed or hand written text written on any paper. It scans the text optically character by character and converts them into a machine readable code and stores the text on the system's memory. The printed characters are examined by passing them under a strong light and a lens system which differentiates lights from inked areas, and a logical system which determines that which of the possible characters is being examined. The Optical Character Reader software and hardware extracts text from the document's image. They can read at a rate of up to 2400 characters per second. The next stage of the OCR processing is the character recognition, which involves features extraction and classification. For example, if the software is confused between a character just like "O" and "0" and the character appears two numbers the OCR will recognize it as a number "0". It also has built in dictionaries and spell checkers to verify the result. 

    Camera

    Camera is also a input device. Everyone know that camera is used for clicking images etc. There are some categories of camera :

    Digital Camera

    The digital camera allow you to take best quality photograph and stores the photographed images digitally. These images can be input or transfer in the computer in digital form. These photograph can be printed on the photo paper. Today's studio are using digital cameras to take photograph with computer computer support that are very quick printed on the paper and given to the customer as soon as possible. There fore, a digital camera is known as a data collection device instead of an input device.

    Web Camera

    A web camera is an input device used with the computer which captures live movements from the front of the computer and also provides them as input to the computer. This camera enables us to take snap or video clipping that can be sent on the internet. It is basically a low cost resolution camera that is specially designed for web operations like video conferencing, video chat etc.

    Biometric Camera

    Biometric camera is also known as biometric sensor. It is a input device that is used to identify the person on base of his/her biological measurements and identifications. The biometric technology verifies various thing i.e., the identity of a person, checking Dynamic signature, Retinal Scanning, DNA identification, Finger print identification, Face Shape Recognation, Voice Recognition etc.

    Touch Screen 

    Touch Screen are special type of screens which is designed to recognize the touch on the screen. The screen is made up of a grid of sensing lines. When you touch a part of a screen, the screen determine the location of a touch by matching vertical and horizontal contacts and the desired operation is undertaken. The user can make a selection or move the cursor by touching the screen. Nowadays, touch screens are used in railways, airlines etc., where the users indicate the train or flight name with current location and destination by touching the screens. And then all the possible routed with timing and rates are displayed. Touch screens are also used in smart phones, tablets and laptops. Touch screens takes input that's why it is called input device. 

    Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)


    Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device used for character recognition technology by the banking industry to facilitates the processing of cheques and debit card/credit. The bank's code number and cheques with a special type of ink. On the cheque of bank you will find such characters printed with special type of ink on the bottom raw of the cheque where the cheque number is printed with the magnetic ink that are machine readable. This is read by the Magnetic Ink Character Reader. This technology allows computers to read information such as account number from printed documents. Unlike barcodes or similar technologies, MICR codes can be easily read by humans. 

    Memory /Types of computer memory



    MEMORY

    Memory is a type of component of computer system, which stores of all the data, instructions and programs of the  computer system. Now computer systems have large memory space by which computer can store big programs or big amount of  data. Memory of a computer is like a checkerboard where each square holds one byte of the data. Each square has it's own address like a post office box and can be manipulated. When data is entered into the memory of the computer, the previous contents in the square are lost. Thus, the present data can be processed and the results can be had on the output devices. In the execution of all programs, data processing take place in the memory. The contents of any byte can be compared, calculated and copied independently. The space of memory is measured in Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, which are the units of memory measurement. The memory of computer is more like a predefined working place, where it temporarily, keeps information and  data to facilitate it's performance. When the task is perfored, it clears its memory and then memory space is available for the next task to be performed. When the power is switched off, everything stores in the memory gets erased and cannot be recalled, if we did not save it. 

    Units of Memory

    Computer works by electrical impulses. Hence, the information is represented in binary numbers inside a computer. Binary system uses only two digits '0' and '1'. The memory of a computer contains 1 bit of data. The combination of 8 bits form 1 byte. Each byte represents one character. For ex., 'LIFE' , it is a set of bits processed as a unit. 'LIFE' word length is generally in a range of 8 to 64 bits. A word of 16 bits size can also be called as a 2 bytes word. 
    Generally, Micro computers and Personal computers uses the range of - 8/16/32 bits, Mini computers uses - the range of - 32 bits and Mainframe computers uses - 64 bits. A 16 bit machine is slower than a 32 bit word. 
    A 16 bit machine is slower than a 32 bit word. Most microprocessors based modern computers are 16 bits or 32 bits word. Bit is the smallest unit for memory measurement. A bit is a place where where one binary digit (0 and 1) can be placed. The storage capacity of a computer memory is expressed in the term of Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes and Terabytes.

    There are two types of computer memory :
    1. Primary memory ( i.e., RAM & ROM )
    2. Secondary memory ( i.e., Hard Disk, Pen drive, CD ROM, Memory card etc. )

    Primary memory


    The internal memory is the in-built memory where CPU (Central Processing Unit) holds the programs and data being manipulated. It is used for 4 purposes out of which 3 are related to data processing.
    1. Data is hold by input storage space while it is being processed.
    2. A working storage space holds data while it is being processed and intermediate results of this processing are made.
    3. A program storage area holds the processing instructions.
    4. An output area holds the finished result of the processing operations until they are ready for release.
    The separate area which is used for 4 purpose are not fixed. They vary from application to applications. This memory inside a computer is also Internal memory. The primary memory is divided into two parts :
    1. ROM ( Read Only Memory )
    2. RAM ( Random Access Memory )

    Read Only Memory ( ROM )

    Read Only Memory is the non-volatile memory, which means these chips return the stored data even when the power goes off. Information once store remains fixed i.e., it cannot be change. That is why ROM can only be read and used. It contains micro-programs. It also contain a set of start up instructions. The content of ROM are provided by the manufacturers. Thus, the  contents cannot be changed. Read Only Memory is also devided into following categories :

    • PROM
    • EPROM
    • EEPROM

     PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory)
    Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) is a programmable chip, which means that user can write programs in a PROM. It's contents are altered by users.

    EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
    Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) control chip can be erased by removing it from the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and exposing it to high intensity, shortwave, ultraviolet light for 10 to 20 minutes.

    EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
    This type of ROM can be programmed and erased by electrical signals. This is an erasable 
    and programmable.

    RAM(Random Access Memory)

    The primary memory that can be read from as well as written too is called RAM(Random Access Memory). This is a volatile memory of computer and the program can select at random and use any of the storage locations on this chip to directly storage and retrieve data and instructions. It works as a central memory of computers. If the power goes off, the data in the RAM chip get lost. There are two types of RAM (Read Only Memory) :-
    1.Dynamic RAM
    2.Static RAM


    A dynamic RAM loses its stored information in a very short time even through the power supply is on, as it gets removed periodically. While Static RAM can retain information as much as the power supply is on.

    Secondary Memory


    The secondary memory is the external memory of the computer. When this temporary information is to be stored permanently or semi-permanently, external memory is used,i.e., it is stored on different storages devices like Hard Disk, CD ROM, Pen Drive etc. When you switch off the computer, the data preserved on the secondary memory is not deleted but it is saved permanently. There are various devices used as the secondary storage devices and they vary depending on their capacity and prices so as per requirement you can choose a secondary mem9ory device for saving your work.